Polymorphisms in the C-type lectin genes cluster in chromosome 19 and predisposition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection

Background: Polymorphisms of CLEC4M have been associated with predisposition for infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). DC-SIGNR, a C-type lectin encoded by CLEC4M, is a receptor for the virus. A variable number tandem

我国中药来源的抗HIV天然化合物研究进展

由于迄今仍无艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)疫苗问世,抗人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)药物仍然是艾滋病治疗的主要手段。传统中药和药用植物来源的天然化合物具有结构多样性、毒性较低、来源广泛等特点,因而在防治艾滋病方面有着独特的优势和巨大的潜力。研究者已经对天然化合物抗HIV作用进行了大量研究,并取得了可喜的成绩,发现了一些生物碱、香豆素、木脂素、黄酮类、萜类、鞣质类、多糖类、蛋白质和多肽类等天然化合物具有抗HIV的活性。然而,多数研究都是在体外试验完成的,大多数天然化合物体外抗HIV活性偏低,而且抗HIV的靶点仍不十分清楚。本文结合笔者实验室研究工作,重点介绍近年来我国传统中药来源的抗HIV活性较强的天然化合物研究进展。

Anti Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Agents 4. Discovery of 5,5 '-(p-Phenylenebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline Sulfonates as New HIV-1 Inhibitors in Vitro

To search for compounds with superior anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity, ten 5,5'-(p-phenylenebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline sulfonates (4a-j) were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated as HIV-1 inhibitors in vitro for the first time. Some compounds demonstrated anti-HIV-1 activity, especially 5,5'-(p-phenylenebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline p-ethylbenzenesulfonate (4g) and 5,5'-(p-phenylenebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline p-chlorobenzenesulfonate (41) showed the more potent anti-HIV-1 activity with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of 2.59 and 4.01 mu g/ml, and therapeutic index (TI) values of 31.77 and 24.51, respectively.

Anti HIV-1 agents 5: Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of some N-arylsulfonyl-3-acetylindoles in vitro

In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery and development of compounds with superior anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity, 21N-arylsulfonyl-3-acetylindole analogs (2a-u) were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated as HIV-1 inhibitors in vitro. Among of all the analogs, several compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV-1 activity, especially N-phenylsulfonyl-3-acetyl-6-methylindole (2j) and N-(p-ethyl)phenylsulfonyl-3-acetyl-6-methylindole (2n) showed the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 values of 0.36 and 0.13 mu g/mL, and TI values of >555.55 and 791.85, respectively. It demonstrated that introduction of the acetyl group at the 3-position of N-arylsulfonyl-6-methylindoles could generally lead to the more potent analogs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

TRIM5-CypA融合基因与北平顶猴易感HIV-1的机制研究

天然免疫分子TRIM5α（tripartite motif protein 5α）是近年来发现的一种重要的宿主细胞内逆转录病毒限制因子。在灵长类动物细胞中，TRIM5α蛋白可以在病毒进入细胞后、逆转录前的阶段抑制HIV-1、N-MLV和EIAV等逆转录病毒的复制。由于TRIM5α分子的作用，绝大部分旧大陆猴（Old World monkey）都不能感染HIV-1。而在新大陆猴（New World monkey）中，鹰猴是唯一不感染HIV-1的灵长类动物。研究证明，鹰猴细胞中存在的TRIM5-CypA融合蛋白（owl monkey TRIM5-CypA，omTRIMCyp）介导了抗HIV-1的作用，从而使鹰猴不能感染HIV-1。研究证明，平顶猴是旧大陆猴中唯一报道可以感染HIV-1的灵长类动物，但是其感染HIV-1的机制并不清楚。根据现行的灵长类动物分类学，原属平顶猴群体（M. nemestrina group）的三个亚种分为猕猴属的三个不同种：巽他平顶猴（Sunda pig-tailed macaque，M. nemestrina），北平顶猴（Northern pig-tailed macaque，M. leonina）和明打威猴（Mentawai macaque，M. pagensis）。本论文对中国云南境内北平顶猴TRIM5基因座和感染HIV-1的相关性进行了研究。通过PCR和测序对北平顶猴基因组TRIM5基因座进行分析，发现一个CypA假基因的cDNA通过逆转座机制插入至TRIM5基因座的3’-UTR区域，形成了一个不同于鹰猴TRIM5-CypA的新型融合基因npmTRIMCyp（northern pig-tailed macaque TRIM5-CypA）。通过RT-PCR对npmTRIMCyp融合基因的转录本进行分析，我们鉴定出npmTRIMCyp共有3种不同的选择性剪接产物，分别为npmTRIMCypV1-V3。进一步克隆和测序这3种不同选择性剪接体，通过丰度和序列分析证实：npmTRIMCypV2是优势剪接体，可能在该融合基因产物的功能中发挥作用。研究发现北平顶猴npmTRIMCyp融合基因主要转录本中外显子7和8均被剪切掉。外显子7剪接丢失机制源于TRIM5第6内含子内 3’剪接位点的G/T突变。我们克隆了npmTRIMCyp融合基因cDNA的蛋白编码区ORF，并构建了重组表达npmTRIMCyp的载体，转染HeLa和HeLa-T4细胞并获得稳定表达的细胞株。通过感染HIV-1证实，npmTRIMCyp融合蛋白不能够限制HIV-1的感染和复制，这可能是北平顶猴作为旧大陆猴中唯一对HIV-1易感的灵长类动物的重要分子机制之一。通过HIV-1感染灵长类动物PBMCs实验证实，北平顶猴可以感染HIV-1。npmTRIMCyp可以有效地限制HIV-2ROD的复制，但对SIVmac239只有十分微弱的限制活性。通过构建鹰猴omTRIMCyp和北平顶猴npmTRIMCyp的置换剪接体（SWAP-1和SWAP-2），转染融合基因及其置换剪接体的CRFK细胞激光共聚焦实验证明，npmTRIMCyp、SWAP1和SWAP2在细胞内主要存在于胞浆中。稳定表达融合蛋白和置换剪接体的CRFK细胞感染HIV-1-GFP-VSVG分析表明，含omTRIMCyp外显子7的SWAP-1和SWAP-2均具有限制HIV-1活性，但SWAP-1的活性更强一些，这表明TRIM5结构域的外显子7可能在介导对HIV-1的限制活性中发挥了协同辅助作用。免疫共沉淀研究表明，npmTRIMCyp不能识别和结合HIV-1的衣壳蛋白。对北平顶猴中介导识别逆转录病毒区域的基因组部分进行了测序，共鉴定出46个多态性位点，表明在北平顶猴识别逆转录病毒衣壳区域存在较高的多态性。

Protective immunity induced by CpG ODNs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) via intermediation of virus replication indirectly in Litopenaeus vannamei

The worldwide shrimp culture is beset with diseases mainly caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and suffered huge economic losses, which bring out an urgent need to develop the novel strategies to better protect shrimps against WSSV. In the present study, CpG-rich plasmid pUC57-CpG, plasmid pUC57 and PBS were employed to pretreat shrimps comparatively to evaluate the protective effects of CpG ODNs on shrimps against WSSV. The survival rates, WSSV copy numbers, and antiviral associated factors (Dicer, Argonaute, STAT and ROS) were detected in Litopenaeus vannamei. There were higher survival proportion, lower WSSV copy numbers, and higher mRNA expression of Dicer and STAT in pUC57-CpG-pretreatment shrimps than those in pUC57- and PBS-pretreatment shrimps after WSSV infection. The Argonaute mRNA expression in pUC57-CpG-, pUC57- and PBS-pretreatment shrimps after WSSV infection was significantly higher than that of shrimps post PBS stimulation on the first day. The ROS levels in pUC57-CpG-pretreatment shrimps post secondary stimulation of PBS were significantly higher than those post WSSV infection on the first day. These results together demonstrated that pUC57-CpG induced partial protective immunity in shrimps against WSSV via intermediation of virus replication indirectly and could be used as a potential candidate in the development of therapeutic agents for disease control of WSSV in L. vannamei. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.